<\/p>\n
Lokman \u0130lhan, Kolombiya’daki Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f (La Paz Total) s\u00fcrecini, bar\u0131\u015fa kat\u0131lan radikal gruplar\u0131 ve halk\u0131n bu konu \u00fczerine tepkisini AA Analiz i\u00e7in kaleme ald\u0131.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Kolombiya Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Gustavo Petro’nun, se\u00e7imlerde en b\u00fcy\u00fck vaadi, 60 seneyi a\u015fan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bitirebilmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok grupla sulh arayaca\u011f\u0131 “La Paz Total” yani “Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f”t\u0131. Ulusal Tarihi Haf\u0131za Merkezi’ne g\u00f6re, 1958’le 2022 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, suikast ve bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda 50 bine yak\u0131n\u0131 asker ve militan, 220 bine yak\u0131n\u0131 sivil olmak \u00fczere 270 bin insan \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00dclkede \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenen cinayetlerin kimi kurumlarca a\u00e7\u0131klanan say\u0131s\u0131 da yar\u0131m milyonu bulurken s\u00fcre\u00e7te 80 binden fazla insan kayboldu, 8 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi yerlerinden edildi.<\/p>\n
Bu tablo kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda vakit kaybetmeyen Petro h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, farkl\u0131 mahiyetlerdeki \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle masada bulu\u015fabilmesinin yasal dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ayn\u0131 isimdeki Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f Yasas\u0131’n\u0131 birka\u00e7 ayda Kongre’de tamamlad\u0131. Yasa Kas\u0131m 2022’de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokuldu. Eski gerilla Petro’nun 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan “Total War” (Guerra Total) yani “Topyekun Sava\u015f” kavram\u0131na at\u0131fla isimlendirdi\u011fi zorlu bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci La Paz Total’in hukuki temele oturtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mevcut Toplum D\u00fczeni Yasas\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnden \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
Silahl\u0131 gruplarla m\u00fczakere yapmay\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f imzalamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f Yasas\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bir devlet politikas\u0131 haline getirilip \u00f6nceliklendirilmesini ve icraatlar\u0131n da bu y\u00f6nde yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Temas kurulan \u00f6rg\u00fct eleba\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki yakalama kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran yasa, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131na; yarg\u0131 onay\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan, m\u00fczakerelerin ve adalete teslim olmalar\u0131n parametrelerini belirleme yetkisi de veriyor. Mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve uyu\u015fturucu rotalar\u0131n\u0131 teslim eden su\u00e7lular ceza indirimlerine ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck kabuslar\u0131 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletileri’ne (ABD) teslim edilmeme nimetine de kavu\u015fuyor. Fon y\u00f6netimlerini tek elde toplayan yasada zorunlu askerlik kademeli \u015fekilde kamu hizmetiyle ikame ediliyor. <\/p>\n
– Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’a kat\u0131lan \u00f6rg\u00fctler<\/p>\n
Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’a 22 \u00f6rg\u00fct kat\u0131lmak istese de Y\u00fcksek Bar\u0131\u015f Komiseri Danilo Rueda, m\u00fczakerelerin en olgun d\u00fczeyde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (ELN) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 7 grupla temas oldu\u011funu duyurdu. ELN’yle Venezuela, Meksika ve K\u00fcba’da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fczakerelerde 3 A\u011fustos’ta devreye girecek bir ate\u015fkes sa\u011fland\u0131. ELN’nin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7te 4. tur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler 15 A\u011fustos’ta yeniden Venezuela’da ba\u015flayacak.<\/p>\n
– FARC muhalifleri EMC ve SM<\/p>\n
2016’daki bar\u0131\u015fla siyasete ba\u015flayan Kolombiya Devrimci Silahl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7leri’nin (FARC) silah b\u0131rakmayan veya yeniden silahlanan unsurlar\u0131 ise Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’ta ELN’nin ard\u0131ndan geliyor. Bunlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Ivan Mordizco ismiyle bilinen Nestor Gregorio Vera’n\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi ve bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131na hi\u00e7 kat\u0131lmayan \u00e7at\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct Estado Mayor Central (EMC). FARC’\u0131n “Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131” anlam\u0131ndaki EMC, Mordizco\u2019nun, Frente Primero’sunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 20’den fazla yap\u0131dan olu\u015fuyor. \u00dclke bas\u0131n\u0131na g\u00f6re 2 bin 180’i silahl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere 3 bin 500’den fazla elemana sahip EMC, Venezuela ve Ekvador’un yan\u0131nda \u00fclkenin bat\u0131, orta ve do\u011fusunda varl\u0131k g\u00f6steriyor; uyu\u015fturucu, ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve hara\u00e7 gibi yollarla ekonomik \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n
Eski Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ivan Duque’nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc duyurdu\u011fu Mordizco Eyl\u00fcl 2022’de ortaya \u00e7\u0131karak EMC’nin yeni Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Petro’nun Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtti. Petro’nun y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131nda duyurdu\u011fu ate\u015fkese dahil olan EMC ile may\u0131sta ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen m\u00fczakereler, ate\u015fkesteki sald\u0131r\u0131lar ve zorla silah alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 4 yerli \u00e7ocu\u011fu infaz ettiklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla zora girdi. Temmuzda iki taraf\u0131n da yeniden teyit etti\u011fi m\u00fczakerelerin k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Venezuela garant\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flamas\u0131 bekleniyor. <\/p>\n
Eski FARC’\u0131n di\u011fer miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Segunda Marquetalia (SM) ise EMC’nin aksine Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 m\u00fczakere ve kabul etmi\u015f, hatta Kolombiya Kongresine girmi\u015f isimlerin de bulundu\u011fu liderler taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu. Kontenjanla Senat\u00f6r olan “ba\u015fm\u00fczakereci” Ivan Marquez’e \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn kurulu\u015funu duyurdu\u011fu A\u011fustos 2019’da, kontenjanla Temsilciler Meclisine giren Jesus Santrich, Romana kod adl\u0131 Henry Castellanos, El Paisa kod adl\u0131 Hernan Dario Velasquez ile Walter Mendoza ismiyle bilinen Jose Vicente Lesmes e\u015flik ediyordu. FARC tarihinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli yer tutan bu liderlerden El Paisa, Jesus Santrich ve Romana EMC’ye ba\u011fl\u0131 gruplar, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri ya da Kolombiya’ya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan paral\u0131 askerlerce \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kolombiya Marquez’in de EMC taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrse de bu ismin daha sonra a\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131 kurtuldu\u011fu ve Venezuela’da tedavi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edildi. Son d\u00f6nemde hastanede \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik iddialar bulunan Marquez hayatta olsa da \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131k Mendoza’n\u0131n kontrol etti\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilen SM’nin 1000’i sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 1700 eleman\u0131 bulunuyor. SM s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi ve Kolombiya’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye, uyu\u015fturucu rotalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Marquez’le 2022’de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc duyuran Rueda, mart sonunda “m\u00fczakerelerin birka\u00e7 hafta i\u00e7inde ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 bekledi\u011fini” belirtse de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler netle\u015fmi\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n
– Clan del Golfo ya da AGC<\/p>\n
Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k grubu ise militan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 9 binlere ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen sa\u011fc\u0131 narko-paramiliter su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc Clan del Golfo. Kolombiya, paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7lerle 1960’larda topraklar ve s\u00fcr\u00fcleri koruma gerek\u00e7esiyle tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Zamanla k\u0131rsaldaki zenginlerin, kartellerin, askerlerin ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131n deste\u011fini alan paramiliterler insan akl\u0131n\u0131 zorlayan y\u00f6ntemleriyle katliamlara imza att\u0131 ve milyonlarca Kolombiyal\u0131y\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Eski Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Alvaro Uribe Velez’in 2003-2006 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7le 30 binden fazla paramiliter silah b\u0131rakt\u0131. <\/p>\n
\u0130deolojik bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in kendilerine “Kolombiya Gaitanist \u00d6z Savunmac\u0131lar\u0131” (AGC) diyen Clan del Golfo da bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ortadan kalkan paramiliter \u00e7at\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct Kolombiya Birle\u015fik \u00d6z Savunmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (AUC) liderlerince 2007’de kuruldu. \u0130lk lider “Don Mario”nun yakalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan y\u00f6netimi alan Otoniel lakapl\u0131 Dario Antonio Usuga, Clan del Golfo’yu 12 y\u0131l boyunca agresif bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc ve Ekim 2021’de yakaland\u0131. May\u0131s 2022’de ABD’ye g\u00f6nderilen Otoniel’den sonra liderli\u011fi Chiquito Malo lakapl\u0131 Jovanis de Jesus Avila ald\u0131. As\u0131l kadrosu 1700 militandan olu\u015fan ve “franchising” metoduyla \u00fclke genelinde binlerce militan toplayan Clan del Golfo’nun uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 madencilik gibi illegal i\u015flerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda in\u015faat ve kereste piyasas\u0131nda da ciddi bir n\u00fcfuza sahip oldu\u011fu biliniyor. Petro’nun geli\u015fiyle h\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6z k\u0131rpan grubun Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’a dahil olmak i\u00e7in ilan etti\u011fi ate\u015fkes, martta \u00f6zellikle Antioquia k\u0131rsal\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u015fiddet eylemlerine bir cevap olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan bozuldu. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde devlet gibi davranan ve “kamu hizmetleri” verdi\u011fi dahi bilinen \u00f6rg\u00fct, Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’a kendilerine “siyasi stat\u00fc” verildi\u011fi takdirde girmek istiyor. Birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z y\u00fczlerce silahl\u0131 militan\u0131n nas\u0131l kontrol edilece\u011fi de m\u00fczakereler gibi muamma.<\/p>\n
Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’a dahil olacak di\u011fer gruplar ise Buenaventura ve Medellin’de faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00e7eteler ile 800\u2019\u00fc bulan militan say\u0131s\u0131 ve paramiliter ge\u00e7mi\u015fi nedeniyle farkl\u0131la\u015fan Los Pachenca ya da Sierra Nevada \u00d6z Savunmac\u0131 Fatihleri (ACSV). <\/p>\n
– La Paz Total’in zorluklar\u0131<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 reddetmi\u015f farkl\u0131 gruplarla toptanc\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 uygulamaya ili\u015fkin soru i\u015faretlerinin yan\u0131nda siyasi, ekonomik, askeri ve hukuki zorluklar bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. ELN’nin yan\u0131nda EMC’nin de politik stat\u00fcde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi normal kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir. Fakat bar\u0131\u015f imzalay\u0131p ard\u0131ndan silaha sar\u0131lan SM ya da y\u0131llard\u0131r sadece su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen Clan del Golfo\u2019nun da bu stat\u00fcy\u00fc almak i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti zorlamas\u0131 sadece ilk iki \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011fil siyasetin de tepkisini \u00e7ekiyor. 2016’daki bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015f m\u00fczakerecisi mutedil siyaset\u00e7i Humberto de la Calle dahi “s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc tutmayan ve imzas\u0131na ihanet eden” bu gruplarla m\u00fczakere etmeye itiraz etmi\u015f ve Meclis’te \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n
Politik stat\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n siyaseten kafalar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin durmayan sald\u0131r\u0131 ve tacizleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda askerin di\u015fe dokunur operasyonlar yapmamas\u0131 da en \u00f6nemli siyasi akt\u00f6r olan halk nezdinde s\u00fcrece ili\u015fkin g\u00fcven krizine yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Nitekim kamuoyu ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u015firketi Invamer’in hazirandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, toplumun y\u00fczde 63,2’si halen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n diyalogla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylese de Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’\u0131n iyi yolda gitti\u011fine inanmayanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 da y\u00fczde 63 olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc. Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’\u0131n kendilerini daha g\u00fcvende hissettirip hissettirmedi\u011fi sorulan Kolombiyal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 66,8’i olumsuz cevap verdi. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Uyu\u015fturucu ve Su\u00e7 Ofisi’nin (UNDOC) 2022 sonlar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Kolombiya’da 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 143 bin hektarl\u0131k koka ekili arazilerin 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda 205 bin hektara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren rapor da Topyekun Bar\u0131\u015f’\u0131n ekonomik zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. 2013’ten beri y\u00fckselen kokain \u00fcretimi rapora g\u00f6re 2020’de 1200 tondan 2021’de 1400 tona \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ana gelirlerinin, hacmi b\u00f6ylesine artan bu gayrime\u015fru ekonomiden sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bar\u0131\u015f arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n uyu\u015fturucuyu daha karl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp bar\u0131\u015fa ayak s\u00fcr\u00fcyecekleri de\u011ferlendirilebilir. <\/p>\n
G\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin azalan operasyonlar\u0131 nedeniyle yeterli bask\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyen \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin sald\u0131r\u0131, taciz ve \u015fovlar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, ate\u015fkes emniyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ciddi zorluklar bulunuyor. \u00c7o\u011fu \u00e7at\u0131 yap\u0131daki \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin \u00f6zerk unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerine muhtemel sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin birbirleriyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar da muhtemel ate\u015fkesleri kolayca bozabilir. Bu konuda \u00fclkenin Venezuela s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki Arauca y\u00f6netim b\u00f6lgesinde ge\u00e7en y\u0131l ELN ve FARC muhaliflerinin 350’den fazla \u00f6l\u00fc b\u0131rakan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n
* Makalelerdeki fikirler yazar\u0131na aittir ve Anadolu Ajans\u0131n\u0131n edit\u00f6ryal politikas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmayabilir.<\/p>\n